Solutions to the Year 2000 Problem: 
By Stephen Manley

Forward: I had no idea of the intrest/traffic that this page would generate. If you'd like to discuss anything in here further please email me, especially if you are using Java as part of your year 2000 solution! This term paper was originally written to complete a course requirement and is part of the Numerical Methods in Java page.

Warning! Recently a unethical and immoral student attempted to steal my writing here and pass it off as a term paper, and got *caught*. I hope that this will serve as a strong reminder to him and others to respect intellectual property, graciously provided free here on the internet. If you wish to use my paper, please quote, not steal, and provide a simple reference crediting me. Thank you.

Introduction
 

The year 2000 problem could have been completely prevented had some early people envisioned the degree to which the microprocessor would change our lives. Surely, no one would have thought that in the early days of ENIAC that everything from your alarm clock to your car would be computerized. Even the IT managers of the 80's could not be blamed: The disk space savings from dropping the two digits of the date over 100 Million Records would represent almost 200 Megabytes! Space requirements aside, overhead on search times and disk loading/access are also added.
 

Surely one could have designed a system whereby the program would be aware of the century, regardless of the data records used. Hindsight is always 20/20 however, and this was almost never the case.
 

Regardless where you address the problem from, the year 2000 problem is a huge, expensive and international one. In many cases it is a problem lined with doubt as to it's effects. This paper will analyze the various aspects to the year 2000 problem, classical and software solutions to the problem, and present the author's ideas on how a systematic approach to the "millennium virus" can prevent doomsday from becoming a reality for many information technology managers and their corporations.
 

What, specifically, _is_ this "millennia virus" to begin with? There has been much talk about it, and most people know it has something to do with the date formats and how they are processed by the computer. How it is affecting that processing is what the key to implementing a solution is.
 

There are several forms the "bug" will metamorphose into. For example:
 

• Field / Date Processing
• Time based calculations
• Hardware failure

 

"OLD will seem YOUNG, a FEW moments will seem like an ENTIRE century, FUTURE

events will have ALREADY occurred."
 

-- Duncan G. Connall <dconnall@tiac.net>, Global Software, Inc.
 
 
 

Scope of Problems
 

The scope of this problem is immense. The awareness and information available on this problem is growing rapidly, as a observation of the rate at which the amount of information available on the Internet has been growing. An advanced search of "year AND 2000 AND problem" through the Altavista index yielded 60000 pages!
 

Even this volume of information does not sufficiently judge the magnitude of the problem. Early IBM-PC machines and compatibles will be rendered useless

for date applications without running software patches as the system clocks on the hardware level will not handle the four-letter date format.
 

This problem is not only limited to personal computers and mainframes, however. Most electronic devices that make use of dates will have serious unpredictable problems. The micro controllers that are in car ignition control systems, clocks, microwaves, and even nuclear weapons all suffer from the same problem. The unpredictable effects come from both the microprocessor sed in the device and the compiler or linker used to generate the code;
 

As any programmer knows, when software is given a input which it does not expect, anything can happen. Anything ranging from an error message to a serious program crash. The material effects of these could be anything from your BIOS preventing your computer from booting to your car not starting the morning after your millennium party.
 

Strange effects have already begun to occur with many programs on the PC platform not understanding the 2000 year field, or when it is entered, defaulting to 00 or 1900. This is of particular concern with widespread versions of home database and spreadsheet software becoming obsolete unless patches are released to fix this behavior. For many companies, however, the attitude has been to make a complete upgrade of the software necessary - hardly an ideal solution for the home user.
 

"According to a variety of experts, it will take, on average, 6 months to do and impact analysis of the systems before beginning another three to six months worth of pilot projects. Then, production itself could easily take a couple of years, depending on the size of your business and the availability of resources. And those resources, whether in-house or outside services, will become increasingly scarce as time runs out: "We're telling people to book their services by the second half of 1996 at the latest,"
 

-- Bruce Hall, IT Expert, January 1996 Datamation Magazine
 

List of Problems
 

Several machines have already started to exhibit millennium bug. The Unisys 2000, ironically named, uses a signed integer to represent the 8th bit of the year field, meaning that it failed on the first day of 1996. Several credit card systems have problems that cause cards entered with a year of 00 to be designated as invalid. Some insurance companies cannot sell 5 year annuities because their systems will not accept date entries past 1999.
 

Hardware system problems have not gotten a lot of attention in relation to the year 2000 problem, and their is little in the way of resources available to determine if any particular system will be venerable to the millennium problem at a hardware level.
 

There is another aspect of the year 2000 problem as well: Convincing IT managers that they need to act in advance. There is a prevailing theory that a "magic bullet" will appear to resolve the problems. All indicators do not point in this direction. This problem is compounded by the lack of professional resources available to deal with and repair the problem. Analysts estimate that resources should have been allocated in most mid to large-size companies by the end of 1996. This point has passed and still most companies have not acted (see figure).
 

Part of this is that it is difficult to justify spending large amounts of money just to remain in business. IBM estimates that they will need to modify over 50 Million lines of code at an estimated cost of $20 Million dollars. The end result of which is to make the software work the same on January 1st, 2000 as it did on December 31st, 1999.
 

The media is not helping matters, either. While almost everyone has heard about the year 2000 problem, few people realize the potential for disaster. The attention which the problem has received is minor accounts of interesting "horror stories", mainly centered around inconveniences and program failures.
 

The problem itself is deceptively simple: To the layman, it's only the date. How much of an impact could the difference between 99 and 2000 be? There has been no news coverage of a successful business going under because of improper planning and preparation. Those are the stories that scare managers into allocating the resources which are required to deal with the problem effectively. Unfortunately for most, those stories will not happen until it is too late.

Networking: Multiplying the error
 

All of these problems get compounded by the degree to which most large computer systems are networked and interdependent. Even extra-enterprise systems can cause losses for a company; If your widgets need titanium lugnuts and the lugnut supplier thinks that it's 1900, you won't be getting any lugnuts and will be unable to produce widgets. Banking systems are particularly sensitive to this kind of crash as there are hundreds and thousands of nodes in their networks; Consider how many Interact / Credit Card / Automated Teller systems are in place now! If the software (or firmware) in any one of these systems is not working properly it can cause problems anywhere in the network.
 

These problems could range from money not being added and deducted from accounts properly, problems with interest and financial forecast situations, or even a complete crash of the network. Compounding this - 2000 is a leap year. Some programs (Including Lotus and Lotus-Compatible worksheets) do not recognize Feb 29th, 2000. (Datamation Magazine, Jan. 1996 Joe Celko)
 

The latter touches on an important aspect of the problem. There is no definitive answer to a manager's question of "what will happen to my program?" The all-encompassing answer is that it depends. Some operating systems will default back to their creation date (1990 for MS-Windows 3.1; 1980 for Ms-Dos machines). Some programs will do the same, or interpret the year as 2000. Others still will work sporadically and output random data. Some will crash altogether. Some other applications are based around a client server

model. The server may be able to be modified to cope with a larger year field, but the client programs, often off-the-shelf, cannot be modified and in many cases are no longer supported!
 

The problem, then, is very subjective and ambiguous - there will be no quick fix.
 

"For once in our lives," says de Jager, "it doesn't matter the size of the project, how many resources, how much money you have - the deadline is fixed."

-- Peter de Jager, Year 2000 Consultant, quoted from Datamation magazine
 

Legality - Paying the Bills
 

There are several issues as to software and the insurance and the potential liability for program failures of this magnitude. One of the questions that information technology managers are being asked about the year 2000 situation is "who's to blame?". While this is a new occupancy on the millennium bug field, and not much information was available, it is conceivable that external contractors who provided software may be faced with expensive lawsuits related to the inevitable failure of their software.
 

The insurance industry has already looked at the issue and determined that companies will not be able to claim software failures (such as) the millennium bug under most plans unless specifically defined, as it was an intristic problem with the software and not something which would have been unexpected and unavoidable. Programmers who have "professional oversight or neglect" clauses in their consulting insurance plans may be able to claim this, if sued.
 

Affected corporations will no doubt be looking into ways to assign financial liability to others as a way to defer what can be enterprise-crippling expenditure.
 

While not a solution in it's own right, assigning blame and negligence in this matter will be a part of a corporation's solution matrix, especially if their development contracts for their software are clear in this respect. Other personnel which may be found liable for failure to act could face being fired or disiplined - something which is also just as sure to happen when upper management is forced to deal with a large failure or shutdown caused by a failure to act on the 2000 problem.
 
 
 

"Gartner Group, Inc., an information technology research firm, has estimated that it will cost between $300 billion to $600 billion to correct the Year 2000 problem worldwide. "

-- Legal Issues Surrounding the 2000 Bug, by Jeff Jinnet

"The U.S. Department of Defense, for example, plans to solve the problem at a cost of $1.1 billion. "
 

-- Reuters News, April 7^th, 1997
 

The Key Solution: ISO 8601 Standard Date Formats
 

The real solution for preventing this is to write software to standards. The wonderful thing about the computer industry, it is said, "If you like standards, there are a lot to choose from.". There is, however, such a format. The International Standards Organization has a standard for the formatting of the date and time for electronic computing devices. The objective would be then to get the software compliant with this international standard. If this had have been done from the beginning, there would not be this dilemma. Indeed, the problem originates from programmers not writing software to accepted standards, or even being aware that they exist. (Authors note: this is a seriously lacking area in undergraduate Computer Science and Engineering programs today.) Getting the software there, unfortunately, is the hard part.
 

There is a need for this consistent adherence to the standard. This provides a means whereby the interchange of date information can be facilitated between systems. Why is this important? Most computer systems are networked and sharing information between many different operating systems and programs through the use of common protocols, like TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Thus many systems are sharing largely incompatible and/or incomplete (the source of the 2000 problem) date information.
 

The solution for this is to provide the complete date information in the form outlined by ISO 8601. The implementation of this is quite simple, and an OOP (Object Oriented Programming) approach is to define a date class and use a date object to represent chronological information. An example of this is the Java.util.date class provided in the Sun Microsystems JDK 1.0 package. This allows for all relevant information to be dynamically shared between systems in a platform independent manner.
 
 
 

Local Fixes: Saving the Data
 

In many cases, especially in larger corporations, it's not the program that is the valued information: It's the data. These applications (large mailing lists, financial information) open the door to a unique solution that solves two of the larger problems at once. writing plug in enterprise wide replacements for the flawed application has two benefits:

• Saves older information

 
• Offers the chance to enhance productivity through upgrading software

and hardware

• Allows independent startups to show up with "magic bullets" that IT

managers that are unprepared will be looking for at any cost towards the end of the millennia.

• High R&D cost. Whether absorbed by a independent software house or

a client corporation, such programs are expensive to develop on a large scale, but will represent a large portion of the fixes for small Point-of-Sale terminals and imbedded firmware applications. This high cost comes both in the complex nature of the programs and the man hours required to develop these solutions.

• High implementation cost. Unless over a large scale, the research

In House / External Re-engineering:
 

This is the solution being implemented in corporations with large IT sections and have some plan in place. Through re-engineering their existing source code they can develop applications that support the 2000 format. At the same time new features can be added and the source can be recompiled to work under improved hardware.
 

Like any other approach, it has it's benefits and pitfalls:
 

• Makes use of existing source code, and where compilers are available

and supported it can make of in-house expertise with that source code.

• Source conversion products for several mainframe languages such as

COBOL and Assembler are becoming available. Personal experience tells me that while these are part of the solution, a lot of code manipulation is still required to make the product work as expected. While such programs can handle programs that get the date from the operating system, they cannot handle areas where the date is an integral part of a numerical algorithm. This problem still requires analyzing the code by hand.

• Often requires less external assistance and support, leading to a

much cheaper solution for companies.

• This solution requires a significant amount of planning in advance

and is often not practical for many ventures that haven't begun their 2000 conversions.

Some hardware systems are the problem in that the date they provide from the hardware will not be functional after the year 2000, or before. IBM has announced such patches for it's S390 processor machines running VMS 5.1 or later. Intel based personal computers that do not support the 2000 format in their BIOS will have a real problem in that they will require a DATE command to be entered very time the machine is turned on! This is not a practical solution for applications that require organization around dates - what if an

operator forgot to enter the date some Monday morning?
 

The software patches to hardware are a "quick fix", that will require a hardware (firmware) upgrade. The market for such BIOS chips is sure to grow exponentially fast after 2000 has passed given the millions of these machines in service. IBM PC's manufactured before 1996 (all) will have this problem. IBM has since promised that all machines shipped after 1996 will function properly after 2000. Hardly the ideal solution. (Jan 1996 Datamation article by Joe Celko)

The System is the Solution: Solving the 2000 Problem
 

For most companies, the solution will involve a combination of the above strategies. How they will be implemented, and whether or not they will be in-house, contracted or some combination thereof will dictate a companies year 2000 strategy.
 

Assess & Identify
 

The first problem facing the IT manager in charge of developing a strategy to have their company undergo a smooth transition past 2000 is to determine what their problem is. How much of their software will be affected? What will be the concequences if no action is taken to resolve the problem? Is their centralized database software capable of the change? What about client applications?
 

These are only some of the questions that must be answered. Once a reasonable estimate of the scope of the problem that must be dealt with has been obtained, an assessment of the problem can then be made. Specifically:
 

Is it cheaper to repair or replace the system?

There are several factors which must be considered here. If you are dealing with a mainframe computer, is the source code still available, and if so, is there a supported compiler that does not suffer from any inherent 2000 problems? If this is the case, do you have the people that can modify the code in house, or if not, do you know that adequate human resources can be found?
 

An analysis of the expenditures and benefits to repairing the existing system may lead you to the conclusion that replacing your system altogether is a more attractive option.
 

This step requires a great deal of planning and foresight. If your system is seriously affected, replacing your existing processing applications with new ones that can convert your old data may be an appropriate decision to make.
 

Communicate with Business Partners
 

What are your suppliers and customers doing? If your systems are interdependent, then you need to agree on a format and a course of action. Using independent standards is the obvious intelligent choice, but whatever format that is agreed upon it must be implemented by all parties that will have systems affected by your own in-house changes.
 

Develop a Strategy for Deployment and Testing
 

Once you have committed to a plan of action, there needs to be a schedule for deployment and testing of the new system. There is no way that the deadline can be extended - regardless of your resources, you must be running when the Jan 1 2000 clock rolls over, or there will be losses to account for.
 

The year 2000 problem is the kind of programming project which is typically subject to delays and setbacks - characterized by serious time constraints, broadly defined scope and inter-compatibility problems. Many sources recommend that a separate project manager with experience in these kinds of applications be hired to assist in the timely completion of your plans. This project manager should preferably have experience in dealing with year 2000 conversions, but as many companies are finding out, such experienced personnel are few and far between.
 

Testing of the software has it's own unique problems and difficulties. Not only must you make sure that the software works with post-millennium code, but it must work with prior code and data alongside. This process is very time-consuming and where parallel testing equipment is not available (most cases), a large component of the testing will have to be carried out by hand, a time-consuming and error-prone process.
 

"Systems must be well tested to ensure that functionality has not beenchanged in any program as a result of the date changes. This means a unittest of the program, a system test with a test bed of data covering allfunctions, a simulation test to any date in the future that may impact yoursystem (this involves moving your data and your system date into thefuture), and finally, a test with historical data to make sure you canprocess old data through the system once changes are complete. Developing atest bed for these changes is a significant task. The testing stagerepresents 40% of the effort for the entire project."
 

-- Brenda McKelvey <mckelveybj@em.agr.ca> from a report on the "Year 2000: Blueprint for Success" conference in Orlando, Florida, November 1995
 

Allocate Financial Resources
 

No doubt about it - this is one project that is going to be extremely expensive for some companies. Whether it is money spent on converting or re-engineering their computer systems, or money lost on downtime caused by millennium bugs, the projected figures are enormous. Where will you get the financial resources to make the conversions? If you have been planning all along, then you have already established a fund that can be drawn off for consultation and implementation of the bug fixes. If not, you will have to look into where resources can be drawn from to fully implement these changes before downtime starts costing you money.
 

If your company had software developed that suffers from your spec, was inherent system failure written in the development contract for your systems, and if so, is legal action a possibility to recoup some of the costs associated with re-engineering or repairing your computer network?
 

Take Action
 

Start implementing your plan of action. The nature of the repairs and replacements are extremely time critical, and planning with regular progress meetings and code reviews should be undertaken to help assure that you are on track to staying on line throughout the next millennium - or at least until the next software upgrade.
 

Example Case Study - MicroCorp Widget Producers, Inc.
 

Scenario: A small corporation, utilizing customized PC based sales software for Windows 95 and a larger, custom programmed database/retrieval system (old). This larger system talks to their supplier's computer to automatically ship source materials when they are low.
 

The solution for Microcarpa Widgets is multi-faceted. Starting off on a checklist:
 

• Testing their PC's to determine if the BIOS will support the year 2000. Without this, all their software will report incorrect dates, including the operating system.

 
• Analyzing their sales software to determine if it will handle the year 2000 correctly. Provided source code is available, the manipulation of the software to support the date format that is settled upon (IS 8601, of course.) should not be a difficult task. If source code can not be obtained a re-write will have to be preformed.

 
• Talking to their suppliers to implement a IS compliant, or mutually agreeable, standard so that normal business particles will not be upset.

• Looking at their mainframe situation to determine if there is source code and compatible tools and compilers available. If so, are the programmers available to make the conversion a reality? Would moving to a more modern, more flexible system be an attractive move to make? Will it be a necessary move?

• On the basis of this impact analysis, develop a concise and clear strategy for moving their company on to operations in the year 2000.

 

Conclusion
 

The one thing that this paper needs to demonstrate is that there is no silver flyswatter to kill this bug with for most medium and even small enterprises. Any corporation with in house software developed to handle inventory or database control will almost inevitably have to deal with this on some level which will involve a re-engineering or replacement situation, and will probably be very costly in terms of both dollars and man hours, and could be even more costly in terms of potential downtime. This is further compounded by the magnitude of the problem - there will be a worldwide shortage of people to deal with this problem.
 

The only solution which will work for most is a multi-faceted one. The strategy for dealing with this problem must be well laid out well in advance, and must be implemented before the absolute deadline of 01/01/2000. Many information technology experts have already said that this deadline has in fact already passed and managers should now be looking at plans which will include ways to minimize downtime at the turn of the millennium.
 

From the entrepreneur's perspective this is a time which is full of opportunities. There are several key applications which could be developed as "plug and play" fixes, making use of existing data formats for conversion and implementing a system which repairs the date problem and adds functionality or speed in the process.
 

The sheer magnitude of the effects will make the upcoming years very interesting in the information technology field. One thing that everyone can be sure of - there will be a swift judgement of your preparedness on December 31, 1999, 23:59:59.99.
 
 
 

Bibliography
 

Web Pages and Web References
 

"The Millennium Mess"
CACI Incorporated
Email: webmaster@hq.caci.com
 

"Legal Issues Surrounding the Year 2000"
Author: Jeff Jigget
http://www.year2000.com/archive/NFlegalissues.html
 

"ISO 8601 Standard for Numerical Representation of Dates"
International Standards Organization
http://www.ft.uni-erlangen.de/%7Emskuhn/is-time.html
 

"Year 2000 Issues List"
Serge Bouwens, PTT Telecom, Netherlands
http://www.year2000.com/archive/issues.html
 

"Year 2000 Frequently Asked Questions List"
Maintained and edited by Robert J. Sandler <rsandler4@juno.com>.

"Experts Call Year 2000 Bug a Real Threat"
Reuters News, Inc.
 

Usenet:
comp.software.year-2000